Iyunithi yokupholisa ye-thermoelectric, i-peltier cooler (eyaziwa nangokuthi izingxenye zokupholisa ze-thermoelectric) yimishini yokupholisa yesimo esiqinile esekelwe kumphumela we-Peltier. Inezinzuzo zokungashukumi ngomshini, ukungabi nesiqandisi, usayizi omncane, impendulo esheshayo, kanye nokulawula izinga lokushisa okunembile. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuma-electronics abathengi, ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha, izimoto kanye neminye imikhakha kuye kwaqhubeka nokukhula.
I. Izimiso Eziyinhloko zesistimu yokupholisa ye-thermoelectric kanye nezingxenye zayo
Ingqikithi yokupholisa kwe-thermoelectric umphumela we-Peltier: lapho izinto ezimbili ezahlukene ze-semiconductor (uhlobo lwe-P nohlobo lwe-N) zakha i-thermocouple pair bese kusetshenziswa i-direct current, umkhawulo owodwa we-thermocouple pair uzomunca ukushisa (umkhawulo wokupholisa), kanti omunye umkhawulo uzokhipha ukushisa (umkhawulo wokusabalalisa ukushisa). Ngokushintsha indlela yamandla kagesi, umkhawulo wokupholisa kanye nomkhawulo wokusabalalisa ukushisa kungashintshwa.
Ukusebenza kwayo kokupholisa kuncike kakhulu kumapharamitha amathathu ayinhloko:
I-coefficient of merit ye-thermoelectric (inani le-ZT): Kuyinkomba ebalulekile yokuhlola ukusebenza kwezinto ze-thermoelectric. Uma inani le-ZT liphakeme, kulapho ukusebenza kahle kokupholisa kukhuphuka khona.
Umehluko wokushisa phakathi kwezingxenye ezishisayo nezibandayo: Umphumela wokushabalalisa ukushisa ekugcineni kokushabalalisa ukushisa unquma ngqo amandla okupholisa ekugcineni kokushabalalisa. Uma ukushabalalisa ukushisa kungasheleli, umehluko wokushisa phakathi kwezingxenye ezishisayo nezibandayo uzoncipha, futhi ukusebenza kahle kokupholisa kuzokwehla kakhulu.
Ugesi osebenzayo: Ngaphakathi kobubanzi obulinganisiwe, ukwanda kogesi kuthuthukisa amandla okupholisa. Kodwa-ke, uma umkhawulo usudluliwe, ukusebenza kahle kuzoncipha ngenxa yokwanda kokushisa kwe-Joule.
II Umlando wentuthuko kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bamayunithi okupholisa ngogesi (uhlelo lokupholisa lwe-peltier)
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukuthuthukiswa kwezingxenye zokupholisa ze-thermoelectric kugxile ezindleleni ezimbili ezinkulu: ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokwenza ngcono isakhiwo.
Ucwaningo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinto zikagesi ezisebenza kahle kakhulu
Inani le-ZT lezinto zendabuko ezisekelwe ku-Bi₂Te₃ likhuliswe laya ku-1.2-1.5 ngokusebenzisa i-doping (njenge-Sb, i-Se) kanye nokwelashwa kwe-nanoscale.
Izinto ezintsha ezifana ne-lead telluride (PbTe) kanye ne-silicon-germanium alloy (SiGe) zisebenza kahle kakhulu ezimweni zokushisa eziphakathi nendawo neziphezulu (200 kuya ku-500℃).
Izinto ezintsha ezifana nezinto ezihlanganisiwe ze-thermoelectric ezihlanganisiwe ze-organic-inorganic kanye ne-topological insulators kulindeleke ukuthi zinciphise izindleko futhi zithuthukise ukusebenza kahle.
Ukulungiswa kwesakhiwo sezingxenye
Umklamo we-Miniaturization: Lungiselela ama-thermopile e-micron-scale ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ze-miniaturization zama-electronics abathengi.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Modular: Xhuma amayunithi amaningi e-thermoelectric ochungechungeni noma ngokulingana ukuze wakhe amamojula okupholisa e-thermoelectric anamandla aphezulu, ama-peltier cooler, amadivayisi e-peltier, ahlangabezana nezidingo zokupholisa ze-thermoelectric zezinga lezimboni.
Isakhiwo esihlanganisiwe sokushabalalisa ukushisa: Hlanganisa amaphiko okupholisa namaphiko okushabalalisa ukushisa namapayipi okushisa ukuze uthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokushabalalisa ukushisa futhi unciphise ivolumu iyonke.
III Izimo ezijwayelekile zokusetshenziswa kwamayunithi okupholisa e-thermoelectric, izingxenye zokupholisa ze-thermoelectric
Inzuzo enkulu yamayunithi okupholisa e-thermoelectric isesimweni sawo esiqinile, ukusebenza okungenamsindo, kanye nokulawula izinga lokushisa okunembile. Ngakho-ke, abambe isikhundla esingenakufakwa ezimweni lapho ama-compressor engafanele ukupholisa.
Emkhakheni wezinto zikagesi zabathengi
Ukushabalalisa ukushisa kwefoni ephathekayo: Amafoni emidlalo asezingeni eliphezulu afakwe amamojula okupholisa e-micro thermoelectric, amamojula e-TEC, amadivayisi e-peltier, amamojula e-peltier, ahlanganiswe nezinhlelo zokupholisa uketshezi, anganciphisa ngokushesha izinga lokushisa le-chip, avimbele ukwehla kwemvamisa ngenxa yokushisa ngokweqile ngesikhathi sokudlala.
Iziqandisi zezimoto, Iziqandisi zezimoto: Iziqandisi zezimoto ezincane zisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokupholisa be-thermoelectric, obuhlanganisa imisebenzi yokupholisa nokushisa (ukushisa kungatholakala ngokushintsha indlela yamanje). Zincane ngobukhulu, zisetshenziswa kancane amandla, futhi ziyahambisana nokunikezwa kwamandla kwemoto okungu-12V.
Inkomishi yokupholisa yesiphuzo/inkomishi efakwe uthayela: Inkomishi yokupholisa ephathekayo ifakwe ipuleti lokupholisa elincane elakhelwe ngaphakathi, elingapholisa iziphuzo ngokushesha lifike kuma-degree Celsius angu-5 kuya kwangu-15 ngaphandle kokuthembela esiqandisini.
2. Imikhakha yezokwelapha neyebhayoloji
Imishini yokulawula izinga lokushisa enembile: njengemishini ye-PCR (imishini yokusabela kwe-polymerase chain) kanye neziqandisi zegazi, zidinga indawo ezinzile yokushisa okuphansi. Izingxenye zokuqandisa ze-semiconductor zingafinyelela ukulawula izinga lokushisa okunembile ngaphakathi kuka-±0.1℃, futhi akukho bungozi bokungcola kwe-refrigerant.
Amadivayisi ezokwelapha aphathekayo: njengamabhokisi okuqandisa i-insulin, amancane ngobukhulu futhi anempilo yebhethri ende, afanelekela iziguli ezinesifo sikashukela ukuthi ziwaphathe lapho ziphuma, okuqinisekisa izinga lokushisa lokugcina i-insulin.
Ukulawulwa kokushisa kwemishini ye-laser: Izingxenye eziyinhloko zamadivayisi okwelapha nge-laser yezokwelapha (njenge-laser) ziyazwela ekushiseni, futhi izingxenye zokupholisa ze-semiconductor zingasusa ukushisa ngesikhathi sangempela ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuzinzile kwemishini.
3. Izinkambu zezimboni nezezindiza
Imishini yokuqandisa encane yezimboni: njengezindawo zokuhlola ukuguga kwezingxenye ze-elekthronikhi kanye namabhati okushisa angaguquki ezinsimbi ezinembile, adinga indawo yokushisa ephansi yendawo, amayunithi okupholisa e-thermoelectric, izingxenye ze-thermoelectric zingenziwa ngezifiso ngamandla okuqandisa njengoba kudingeka.
Imishini yezindiza: Amadivayisi kagesi asemkhathini anobunzima bokuqeda ukushisa endaweni engenamoya. Izinhlelo zokupholisa ze-thermoelectric, amayunithi okupholisa e-thermoelectric, izingxenye ze-thermoelectric, njengamadivayisi e-solid-state, zithembeke kakhulu futhi azidlidlizi, futhi zingasetshenziswa ukulawula izinga lokushisa kwemishini ye-elekthronikhi kumasathelayithi naseziteshini zasemkhathini.
4. Ezinye izimo ezivelayo
Amadivayisi agqokwayo: Izigqoko zokupholisa ezihlakaniphile kanye namasudi okupholisa, anamapuleti okupholisa e-thermoelectric aguquguqukayo akhelwe ngaphakathi, anganikeza ukupholisa kwendawo emzimbeni womuntu ezindaweni ezishisa kakhulu futhi afanele izisebenzi zangaphandle.
Izinto zokufaka uchungechunge olubandayo: Amabhokisi amancane okupakisha uchungechunge olubandayo, asebenza ngokupholisa kwe-thermoelectric, ukupholisa kwe-peltier namabhethri, angasetshenziswa ekuthuthweni kwemijovo nemikhiqizo emisha ibanga elifushane ngaphandle kokuthembela emalolini amakhulu aqandisiwe.
IV. Ukulinganiselwa kanye Nezindlela Zokuthuthukiswa Kwezinyunithi Zokupholisa Ezisebenzisa Ukushisa Kagesi, Izingxenye Zokupholisa Ezincane
Imikhawulo ekhona
Ukusebenza kahle kokupholisa kuphansi kakhulu: Isilinganiso sayo sokusebenza kahle kwamandla (i-COP) ngokuvamile siphakathi kuka-0.3 no-0.8, okuphansi kakhulu kunesokupholisa kwe-compressor (i-COP ingafinyelela ku-2 kuya ku-5), futhi ayifaneleki ezimweni zokupholisa ezinkulu nezinamandla aphezulu.
Izidingo zokushabalalisa ukushisa okuphezulu: Uma ukushisa ekugcineni kokushabalalisa ukushisa kungenakukwazi ukukhishwa ngesikhathi, kuzothinta kakhulu umphumela wokupholisa. Ngakho-ke, kumele kufakwe uhlelo olusebenzayo lokushabalalisa ukushisa, olukhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izimo ezincane.
Izindleko eziphezulu: Izindleko zokulungiselela izinto ze-thermoelectric ezisebenza kahle kakhulu (njenge-nano-doped Bi₂Te₃) ziphakeme kunezezinto zefriji zendabuko, okuholela entengo ephezulu yezingxenye zekhwalithi ephezulu.
2. Izitayela zentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo
Ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto: Thuthukisa izinto zokushisa ezibiza kancane, ezinenani eliphezulu le-ZT, ngenhloso yokwandisa inani le-ZT lokushisa legumbi libe ngaphezu kuka-2.0 nokunciphisa igebe lokusebenza kahle ngokuqandisa i-compressor.
Ukuguquguquka nokuhlanganiswa: Thuthukisa amamojula okupholisa e-thermoelectric aguquguqukayo, amamojula e-TEC, amamojula e-thermoelectric, amadivayisi e-peltier, amamojula e-peltier, ama-cooler e-peltier, ukuze avumelane namadivayisi angaphezulu agobile (njengamafoni aphathwayo aguquguqukayo esikrinini namadivayisi agqokwayo ahlakaniphile); Khuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye zokupholisa ze-thermoelectric nama-chip nama-sensor ukuze kufezwe "ukulawulwa kokushisa kwezinga le-chip".
Umklamo osindisa amandla: Ngokuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe be-Internet of Things (iot), kufezwa ukulawulwa kokuqalisa okuhlakaniphile kanye nokulawulwa kwamandla kwezingxenye zokupholisa, okunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphelele.
Isifinyezo se-V.
Amayunithi okupholisa e-thermoelectric, amayunithi okupholisa e-peltier, izinhlelo zokupholisa ze-thermoelectric, ngezinzuzo zazo ezihlukile zokuba yisimo esiqinile, esithule futhi esilawulwa kahle amazinga okushisa, athatha isikhundla esibalulekile emikhakheni efana ne-electronics yabathengi, ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kanye nezindiza. Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kobuchwepheshe bezinto ze-thermoelectric kanye nomklamo wesakhiwo, izinkinga zokusebenza kahle kokupholisa kanye nezindleko kuzothuthuka kancane kancane, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi kuthathe indawo yobuchwepheshe bokupholisa bendabuko ezimweni ezithile esikhathini esizayo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba 12-2025
